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<h1>Publikation Lieb</h1>
<p>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2021, 18, 9171 6of 15 Table2. Measured continuous clinical endpoints. Continuous Clinical Endpoints N Measured Values Reference Values Mean (SD) Mean (SD) DASHscore 67 9.45 (8.96) 10.1 (14.7) VAS at rest (points) 70 1.61 (1.45) - VAS under strain (points) 70 2.53 (2.20) - ROM E/F (degrees) 70 125 (13.7) 124 (17) ROM S/P (degrees) 70 178 (7.08) 165 (-) ROM U/R (degrees) 70 51.0 (3.36) 60 (10) Grip strength (kg)—male 70 47.8 (13.56) 54 (7.0) Grip strength (kg)—female 70 27.3 (4.93) 32 (6.0) PPB Test (points) 70 41.0 (4.83) 43.2 (5.21) * DASH = Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, VAS = pain on Visual Analog Scale, ROM = range of motion, E/F = extension/flexion, S/P = supination/pronation, U/R = ulnar/radial abduction, PPB Test = Purdue Pegboard Test. * Calculated for the mean age category (40–49 years) and for the study population gender ratio (23/70 female) according to [34]. Subjective complaints (i.e., symptoms) were present in 47% (33/70) of the participants, and pathognomonic clinical signs for upper extremity WMSDs (i.e., diagnoses) at the elbow, forearm and/or wrist (trigger finger, Finkelstein’s test, Maudsley’s test, Hoffman– Tinel sign, and Phalen’s test) were found in 56% (39/70) of the participants (Table 3). Bilateral manifestation was present in 34% (24/70), and 14% (10/70) of the participants had two or more different pathologies in the ipsilateral limb. In the case of a positive Hoffmann–Tinel sign, 91% (21/23) of these were located at the medial elbow as a sign of ulnar tunnel syndrome. Table3. Measured categorical clinical signs. Categorical Clinical Signs Total Participants Subjective complaints * 47% (33/70) Trigger finger 10%(7/70) Finkelstein’s test 10%(7/70) Maudsley’s test (middle finger test) 14% (10/70) Hoffman–Tinel sign 33% (23/70) Phalen’s test 10%(7/70) * Counts among the clinical endpoints without being a clinical sign, listed in this table for categorical properties. 3.3. Correlation of WMSDs with Other Clinical Endpoints The relationship between WMSDs and the DASH score is shown as an example using a scatter plot with a prediction ellipse (Figures 1 and 2) [37]. Further correlations between grip strength and ROM E/F, and between VAS at rest and under strain, DASH, and subjective complaints became apparent. Bivariate correlation coefficients between clinical endpoints and the diagnosis of WMSDs are shown in Table 4. Only two of the collected clinical endpoints were associated with a p-value below 0.1: the DASH score and VAS under strain. Both endpoints were positively correlated with WMSDs, meaning that higher scores are associated with a WMSDs diagnosis. These results also make sense from a clinical point of view because both DASH scores and VAS associate higher scores with worse outcomes. 3.4. Multiple Regression Analyses of Predictors The relationship between the pre-specified predictors and the occurrence of WMSDs was investigated through the analysis of a binary logistic regression (Table 5). None of these factors seem to be a risk factor for WMSDs, as the minimal p-value was 0.14.</p>
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